{"id":8903,"date":"2024-08-19T14:09:18","date_gmt":"2024-08-19T19:09:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/cover-stories\/2024\/08\/oyster-reefs\/"},"modified":"2024-09-12T16:54:19","modified_gmt":"2024-09-12T21:54:19","slug":"oyster-reefs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/vi\/cover-stories\/2024\/08\/oyster-reefs\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 h\u00e0u"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

C\u00e1c r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 h\u00e0u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ee7y sinh kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ven bi\u1ec3n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch, cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n cho h\u01a1n 300 lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau (Grabowski v\u00e0 Peterson, 2007). Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, c\u00e1c r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 h\u00e0u l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n 85% m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (Beck v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2011). Khai th\u00e1c qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 h\u00e0u B\u1eafc M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

 \u1ede V\u1ecbnh Galveston, h\u01a1n 60% c\u00e1c r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 h\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 khai th\u00e1c qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1n b\u00e3o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u01a1n b\u00e3o Ike v\u00e0 Harvey (Hons v\u00e0 Robinson, 2010). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2008, V\u1ecbnh Galveston mang l\u1ea1i 90% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0u \u1edf Texas, kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1u tri\u1ec7u pound, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng “ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 3,5 tri\u1ec7u pound trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m” (Haby v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2009; Knapp, 2018; VanderKooy, 2012). Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u1ed1n n\u0103m (2015-2019) li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a l\u1edbn, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u01a1n b\u00e3o Harvey, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0u. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2016, ch\u1ec9 thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 700.000 pound h\u00e0u \u1edf V\u1ecbnh Galveston; s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 12% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a V\u1ecbnh Galveston tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2008 (Knapp, 2018).<\/p>\n

 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u1edf V\u1ecbnh Galveston v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o (Martinez-Andrade v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2005) nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y \u0111i v\u1ecf h\u00e0u kh\u1ecfi v\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n c\u1ee9ng, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 h\u00e0u. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng thu ho\u1ea1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf V\u1ecbnh Galveston, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch do b\u00e3o c\u00f2n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u1ecf h\u00e0u (ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n c\u1ee9ng) s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 c\u00f3 v\u00e2y, khi h\u00e0u b\u1ecb thu ho\u1ea1ch, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, bao g\u1ed3m hai m\u1ea3nh v\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con h\u00e0u xung quanh, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb mang \u0111i theo.<\/p>\n

 Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n c\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o r\u1ea1n h\u00e0u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong khi \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng h\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1, g\u1ed7, s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 l\u1ed1p xe, nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecf h\u00e0u l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n \u01b0a th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng b\u00e1m v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (Coen v\u00e0 Luckenbach, 2000; George v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2014). Trong 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 n\u0103m qua, vi\u1ec7c mua v\u1ecf h\u00e0u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c mua v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o r\u1ea1n h\u00e0u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1 s\u00f4ng) c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng v\u1ecf h\u00e0u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cu\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn t\u00e1ch v\u1ecf h\u00e0u, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o r\u1ea1n h\u00e0u nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0u. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf v\u1ecf h\u00e0u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf B\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng Hoa K\u1ef3 (M\u1ef9) v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u1ecdc theo B\u1edd V\u1ecbnh trong 10 n\u0103m qua. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, g\u1ea7n 30 nh\u00f3m tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u0111ang t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf v\u1ecf h\u00e0u bao g\u1ed3m T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c V\u1ecbnh Galveston (GBF). N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf v\u1ecf h\u00e0u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1ee9t v\u1ecf h\u00e0u trong th\u00f9ng r\u00e1c, khi\u1ebfn v\u1ecf h\u00e0u b\u1ecb ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e3i ch\u00f4n l\u1ea5p, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean qu\u00fd gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n

 \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng (Crassostrea virginica)<\/em> \u1edf V\u1ecbnh Galveston, GBF \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf v\u1ecf h\u00e0u (OSRP) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, GBF \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua 40 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n thu th\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh 160 t\u1ea5n (320.000 pound) v\u1ecf s\u00f2 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp OSRP v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2024, GBF \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp h\u01a1n 1.800 t\u1ea5n (3.600.000 pound) v\u1ecf h\u00e0u v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 800 t\u1ea5n v\u1ecf t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y cho V\u1ecbnh Galveston \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ed5 sung ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n c\u1ee9ng trong v\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 h\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n


T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/u><\/p>\n

Beck M.W., Brumbaugh R.D., Airoldi L., Carranza A., Coen L.D., Crawford C., Defeo O., Edgar G.J., Hancock B., Kay M.C., Lenihan H.S., Luckenbach M.W., Toropova C.L., Zhang G., and Guo X. (2011). Oyster Reefs at Risk and Recommendations for Conservation, Restoration, and Management. BioScience, 61<\/em>(2): 107-116.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Coen L.D. and Luckenbach M.W. (2000). Developing success criteria and goals for evaluating oyster reef restoration: ecological function or resource exploitation? Ecological Engineering, 15<\/em>(3): 323\u2013343.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Grabowski, J.H., and C.H. Peterson. (2007). Restoring oyster reefs to recover ecosystem services. In Ecosystem Engineers, K. Cuddington, J.E. Byers, W.G. Wilson, and A. Hastings (eds). Elsevier Inc., Burlington, MA, 281-298.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Haby, M. G., Miget, R. J., and Falconer, L.L. (2009). Hurricane Damage Sustained by the Oyster Industry and the Oyster Reefs Across the Galveston Bay System with Recovery Recommendations.\u201d A Texas AgriLife Extension Service \/ Sea Grant Extension Program Staff Paper. The Texas A&M University System, College Station, Tx. TAMU-SG-09-201. 51 pp.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Hons C and Robinson L (2010). Recovering from the Storm: Oyster Reef Restoration in Galveston Bay, Texas. Power Point presentation. 21 pp.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.estuaries.org\/pdf\/2010conference\/monday15\/schooner\/session3\/hons.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Knapp, G. (2018, April 24). The Texas Oyster Industry Is Now a Shell of Its Former Self. Houstonia.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.houstoniamag.com\/eat-and-drink\/2018\/04\/texas-oyster-industry#:~:text=In%201999%2C%20a%20high%2Dwater,million%20pounds%20in%20a%20year<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Martinez-Andrade F., Campbell P., Fuls, B. (2005). Trends in relative abundance and size of selected finfishes and shellfishes along the Texas coast: November 1975-December 2003. Austin, Texas: Texas Parks and Wildlife Coastal Fisheries Division. Management Data Series No. 232.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00e1c r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 h\u00e0u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ee7y sinh kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ven bi\u1ec3n, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[176],"tags":[],"coauthors":[174],"class_list":["post-8903","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cover-story-vi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8903","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8903"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8903\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8913,"href":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8903\/revisions\/8913"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8903"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8903"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8903"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.galvbaygrade.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=8903"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}